If the Prefix Contra- Means â€å“against,ã¢â‚¬â What Does It Mean to Do Something Controversial?
A comparison of prepositions and directional prefixes in Greek, Latin, English, and German.
A prefix is an affix which is placed before the stem of a discussion.[i] Adding information technology to the beginning of one word changes it into some other word. For case, when the prefix united nations- is added to the word happy, it creates the word unhappy. Particularly in the study of languages, a prefix is also called a preformative, because it alters the form of the words to which information technology is affixed.
Prefixes, similar other affixes, can be either inflectional, creating a new grade of the word with the same bones pregnant and same lexical category (only playing a unlike role in the judgement), or derivational, creating a new word with a new semantic meaning and sometimes as well a different lexical category.[ii] Prefixes, like all other affixes, are usually leap morphemes.[i]
In English language, there are no inflectional prefixes; English uses suffixes instead for that purpose.
The give-and-take prefix is itself made up of the stem fix (meaning "attach", in this case), and the prefix pre- (meaning "before"), both of which are derived from Latin roots.
English language [edit]
List of English derivational prefixes [edit]
This is a adequately comprehensive, although not exhaustive, listing of derivational prefixes in English language. Depending on precisely how one defines a derivational prefix, some of the neoclassical combining forms may or may not authorize for inclusion in such a list. This listing takes the broad view that acro- and machine- count as English derivational prefixes because they function the same style that prefixes such as over- and self- practice.
As for numeral prefixes, just the virtually common members of that form are included here. There is a large carve up table covering them all at Numeral prefix > Tabular array of number prefixes in English language.
| Prefix | Meaning | Instance | Comments |
|---|---|---|---|
| a- | "not" | disproportionate, "not symmetric" | takes the form an- before vowels; see privative alpha |
| acro- | "loftier" | acrophobia, "fear of heights" (more) | |
| allo- | "other" | allotransplantation, "transplant of tissue from another person" (more) | |
| alter- | "other" | change ego, "other personality" (more) | |
| ante- | "prior" | antebellum, "earlier a war" | |
| anti- | "opposite" | anti-inflammatory, "against inflammation" (more) | |
| car- | "by oneself or itself" | machine, "moves itself" (more) | |
| bi- | "ii" | bicentennial, "consisting of or occurring every two centuries" binomial, "two terms" | Come across number prefixes in English |
| co- | "together" | cooperation, "working together" | takes the form con- before vowels |
| contra- | "below" ; "confronting" | contraindication, "against indication" (more than) | |
| counter- | "against" | countermeasure, "action against" (more) | |
| de- | "negative, remove" | deactivate, "stop from working" | |
| di- | "2" | diatomic, "two atoms" dipole, "2 poles" | See number prefixes in English |
| dis- | "negative, remove" | disappear, "vanish" (more) | |
| down- | "down"; "reduce" | downshift, "shift to a lower gear" downregulation, "regulation toward lessened expression" (more) | |
| dys- | "negative, desperately, wrongly" | dysfunction, "bad function" (more) | |
| epi- | "upon improver" , "to a higher place" | epidural, "outside the dura mater" (more) | |
| extra- | "to a greater extent" ; "beyond" | extracellular, "outside a cell" (more than) | |
| fore- | "before" | foresight, "seeing beforehand" (more than) | |
| hemi- | "half" | hemisphere, "half of a sphere" (more) | Run into number prefixes in English |
| hexa- | "half dozen" | hexagon, "half-dozen-sided polygon" (more than) | See number prefixes in English |
| hyper- | "across" | hypercalcemia, "too much calcium in the blood" (more than) | Run across hyper |
| hypo- | "marginal"; "not enough" | hypokalemia, "non enough potassium in the claret" (more than) | |
| ig- | "not" | ignoble, "not noble" ignorant, (from roots meaning) "not knowing" (more) | ig- (before gn- or n-), il- (before l-), im- (earlier b-, m-, or p-), in- (before nearly letters), or ir- (before r-) |
| il- | "not" | illegal, "non legal" (more than) | ig- (earlier gn- or due north-), il- (before l-), im- (before b-, m-, or p-), in- (before most letters), or ir- (before r-) |
| im- | "not" | imbalance, "lack of residue" (more) | ig- (before gn- or due north-), il- (before fifty-), im- (before b-, one thousand-, or p-), in- (earlier most letters), or ir- (earlier r-) |
| in- | "non" | inactive, "not agile" | ig- (before gn- or n-), il- (before 50-), im- (before b-, m-, or p-), in- (before most letters), or ir- (before r-) |
| infra- | "below" | infrared, "below cerise on the spectrum" (more than) | |
| inter- | "between" | interobserver, "between observers" (more) | |
| intra- | "within" | intracellular, "inside a prison cell" (more than) | |
| ir- | "not" | irregular, "non regular" (more) | ig- (before gn- or n-), il- (before 50-), im- (earlier b-, m-, or p-), in- (before most letters), or ir- (earlier r-) |
| macro- | "large-scale" ; "uncommonly prominent" | macroeconomics, "workings of entire economies" (more) | |
| mal- | "unpleasant", "not" | malocclusion, "bad apoplexy" (more) | |
| maxi- | "large", "as large as possible" | maxi-unmarried, "unmarried with extras" (more) | |
| meso- | "middle" | mesoamerican, "middle of the Americas" (more) | |
| meta- | "cocky-referential" | metadata, "information that provides information nigh other information" (more) | |
| micro- | "small-scale" | micrometer, "small-measurement instrument" (more) | |
| mid- | "centre" | midportion, "middle part" (more) | |
| mini- | "pocket-size" | miniature, "small"; "smaller version" (more) | |
| mis- | "bad", "wrong" | misspelling, "incorrect spelling" (more) | |
| mono- | "i" | monotheism, "belief in i god" (more) | Run across number prefixes in English |
| multi- | "many", "more than ane" | multiplex, "many signals in one excursion" (more than) | |
| not- | "no", "not" | nonstop, "without stopping" (more) | |
| octo- | "eight" | octopus, "viii-footed" (more than) | Run into number prefixes in English |
| over- | "excess", "also much"; "on top" | overexpression, "too much expression" overcoat, "outer glaze" (more) | |
| pan- | "all" | pancytopenia, "low counts across all cell types" pan-American, "involving all of the Americas" (more than) | Sometimes "all-" is used, specially in Asian English, where All-Union was a standard translation of the Russian word pregnant "pan-USSR" or "USSR-broad", and "All-Bharat" is a similar standard term in India, comparable to words such as national, nationwide, or federal (in the instance of federations). |
| para- | "beside"; "beyond"; "related to"; "altered" | paranormal, "beyond the normal" paresthesia, "contradistinct awareness" paramilitary, "military-like" (more) | |
| penta- | "five" | pentateuch, "the 5 books of Moses" (more) | See number prefixes in English |
| per- | "through"; "throughout" | percutaneous, "through the skin" (more) | |
| peri- | "around" | pericardial, "around the eye" (more than) | |
| poly- | "many" | polyglot, "many languages" (more than) | |
| post- | "after" | postoperative, "after surgery" (more than) | |
| pre- | "before"; "already" | preassembled, "already built" (more) | |
| pro- | "on behalf of" ; "before" | pro-science, "in favor of science" (more) | |
| proto- | "start"; "primitive"; "forerunner" | Proto-Indo-European, "precursor of Indo-European" (more) | |
| pseudo- | "false", "specious" | pseudonym, "false name" (more) | |
| quadri- | "iv" | quadrilateral, "four-sided" (more) | See number prefixes in English |
| quasi- | "somewhat", "resembling" | quasiparticulate, "resembling particles" (more than) | |
| re- | "over again" | reestablish, "constitute again" (more) | |
| self- | "[acting on or by] oneself" | self-cleaning, "cleans itself" (more than) | Past normative convention, always hyphenated (except for a few multiprefix compounds such every bit unselfconscious) |
| semi- | "partial"; "somewhat"; "half" | semiarid, "somewhat barren" (more) | See number prefixes in English |
| sub- | "below" | subzero, "below zero" (more) | |
| super- | "to a higher place"; "more than"; "corking" | supermarket, "big marketplace" (more) | |
| supra- | "in a higher place" | supraorbital, "in a higher place the eye sockets" (more) | |
| tetra- | "iv" | tetravalent, "4 valence electrons" (more) | Come across number prefixes in English |
| trans- | "across"; "connecting" | transatlantic, "beyond the Atlantic Ocean" (more) | |
| tri- | "iii" | tripartite, "three parts" (more) | |
| ultra- | "beyond"; "extremely" | ultraviolet, "beyond violet on the spectrum" (more) | |
| united nations- | "not"; "remove"; "opposite" | unopened, "not opened" (more) | |
| under- | "below"; "not plenty" | underexposure, "not enough exposure" (more) | |
| upwardly- | "up"; "increment" | upshift, "shift to a higher gear" upregulation, "regulation toward increased expression" (more) | |
| xeno- | "strange" | xenophobia, "fright of strangers or foreigners" xenotransplantation, "transplant from another species" (more) |
Hyphenation [edit]
The option between hyphenation or solid styling for prefixes in English language is covered at Hyphen > Prefixes and suffixes.
Japanese language [edit]
Commonly used prefixes in Japanese include お〜 ( o- ) and ご〜 ( go- ). They are used every bit function of the honorific system of voice communication, and are used equally markers for politeness, showing respect for the person or thing they are affixed to, notably besides being used euphemistically.[3] [4]
Bantu languages [edit]
In the Bantu languages of Africa, which are agglutinating, the noun class is conveyed through prefixes, which is declined and agrees with all of its arguments accordingly.[5]
Instance from Luganda [edit]
| Noun class | Prefix |
|---|---|
| 1 | o-mu- |
| 1a | ∅ |
| 2 | a-ba- |
| 3 | o-mu- |
| 4 | e-mi- |
| 5 | eastward-ri-/CC- |
| 6 | a-ma- |
| vii | eastward-ki- |
| 8 | east-bi- |
| 9 | e-Due north- |
| 10 | east-N-/zi- |
ò-mú-límí ò-mú-néné ò-mú-kâddé ò-mú à-∅-gênda
AG-CL1-farmer AG-CL1-fat AG-CL1-old AG.one he-PRES-become
The one, old, fat farmer goes.
[edit]
Verbs in the Navajo language are formed from a discussion stalk and multiple affixes. For example, each verb requires one of iv not-syllabic prefixes (∅, ł, d, l) to create a verb theme.[6]
Sunwar [edit]
In the Sunwar language of Eastern Nepal, the prefix ma- म is used to create negative verbs. It is the only verbal prefix in the language.
ma.rimʃo al
NEG.nice child
Bad child! (scolding)
Russian [edit]
Every bit a office of the germination of nouns, prefixes are less common in Russian than suffixes, but change the meaning of a word.
-
пред- and положение 'position' becomes предположение 'assumption' пре- and образование 'formation (verb)' becomes преобразование 'transformation'[8]
German language [edit]
In German, derivatives formed with prefixes may be classified in two categories: those used with substantives and adjectives, and those used with verbs.[9] For derivative substantives and adjectives, just ii productive prefixes are more often than not addable to any substantive or adjective as of 1970: united nations-, which expresses negation (as in ungesund, from gesund), and ur-, which means "original, primitive" in substantives, and has an emphatic part in adjectives. ge-, on the other hand, expresses union or togetherness, but just in a closed group of words—information technology cannot but be added to any noun or adjective.[10]
Verbal prefixes commonly in apply are be-, ent-, er-, ge-, miss-, ver-, and zer- (see also Separable verb).[10] exist- expresses strengthening or generalization. ent- expresses negation. ge- indicates the completion of an activity, which is why its nearly common apply has go the forming of the past participle of verbs; ver- has an emphatic function, or information technology is used to plow a substantive or an adjective into a verb.[9] In some cases, the prefix particle ent- (negation) tin can be considered the opposite of particle be-, while er- can be considered the opposite of ver-.[11] [12]
The prefix er- normally indicates the successful completion of an activity, and sometimes the conclusion ways death.[xiii] With fewer verbs, it indicates the beginning of an action.[ix] [13] The prefix er- is also used to form verbs from adjectives (eastward.g. erkalten is equivalent to kalt werden which means "to get cold").[13]
See likewise [edit]
- Affix
- Suffix
- Privative
- Spring and unbound morphemes
- English prefix
- List of Greek and Latin roots in English language
- substring#Prefix
- Metric prefix
References [edit]
- ^ a b Wilson 2011, p. 152–153. sfn error: no target: CITEREFWilson2011 (help)
- ^ Beard, Robert (1998). "She Derivation". The Handbook of Morphology. Blackwell. pp. 44–45.
- ^ Miyake, Yoshimi (1999). The Japanese deferential prefix o: A natural history (PhD). University of Michigan. hdl:2027.42/131729. Retrieved 2021-05-12 .
- ^ Kaiser, Stefan; Ichikawa, Yasuko; Kobayashi, Noriko; Yamamoto, Hilofumi (2013). Japanese: A Comprehensive Grammer. pp. 29–31. ISBN9780415687393.
- ^ Nurse, Derek; Philippson, Gérard, eds. (2003). The Bantu languages. London: Routledge. pp. 103–110. ISBN9780700711345.
- ^ Young & Morgan (1980). The Navajo Language: A Grammer and Colloquial Dictionary. Academy of New United mexican states Printing. p. 99.
- ^ Borchers, D. (2008). A Grammar of Sunwar: Descriptive Grammar, Paradigms, Texts and Glossary. Brill Academic Publishers. p. 169.
- ^ Wade, T. (2000). A Comprehensive Russian Grammer. Blackwell Publishers. pp. 32, 33. ISBN9781405136396.
- ^ a b c Chambers, Westward. Walker and Wilkie, John R. (1970) A Short History of the German Linguistic communication, London: Methuen & Company, Ltd., p. 63
- ^ a b Cf. Chambers, W. Walker and Wilkie, John R. (1970) A Brusque History of the German Language, London: Methuen & Company, Ltd., p. 63
- ^ Daniel Boileau (1820) The Nature and Genius of the German Language pp. 203, 211
- ^ Maylor, B. Roger (2002) Lexical template morphology: change of state and the exact prefixes in German language p. 12
- ^ a b c Schmidt, Karla (1974) Like shooting fish in a barrel ways to enlarge your German language vocabulary p. 86
Works cited [edit]
- Mihaliček, Vedrana; Wilson, Christin (2011). Language Files: Materials for an Introduction to Language and Linguistics. Ohio State University Printing. ISBN978-0-8142-5179-nine.
 | Wait upward prefix in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. |
 | Wikimedia Commons has media related to Prefixes. |
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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prefix
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